Suprematism, an art movement originated in Russia in the year 1913 focused on the fundamental geometrical shapes and structure such as square and circle. Kazimir Malevich was the artist to introduce this movement which is considered to be the first methodological school of abstract painting in the modern movement. When Kazimir Malevich introduced Suprematism he was already an established painter with his works on cubo-futurism. Malevich a famous artist of suprematism believed in non objectivity as he wrote that nothing is real in this world except the sensation of non-objectivity.

A Supremus group was formed since 1915 including famous artists Aleksandra Ekster, Ivan kliun, Ivan Puni, Ksenia Boguslavskaya, Liubov Popova, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Nina Genke-Meller, and Olga Rozanova in addition to Malevich to discuss the philosophy of Suprematism and its development. Although the movement was cooped with painting the Suprematists used this theory to create other artistic works in the field of textiles, typography, and architectural structures in addition to painting and sculpture.

Futurism is an art movement of the 20th century originated in Italy. Here futurists produced multiple observation points of cubism along with the dynamic character of 20th century which reflects the life of modern age. Hence the paintings reflect the life of modern age which is fast, dynamic and violent representing the technological triumph of man over nature.

Futurism first emerged through poems of Filippo T Marinetti who is called as the father of futurism. Slowly futurism entered various artistic fields including paintings, poetry, sculpture, theatre, music, architecture and even gastronomy. Futurism influenced many other art movements of the 20th century such as Constructivism, Surrealism, Dada and many more. Famous artists of futurism include Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carra etc…

Expressionism implies an emotional angst on paintings. It is the artist tendency to move away from natural depiction, distort reality, and focus on expression for the required final emotional effect.

Die Brücke, (a group lead by German painter Ernst Kirchner) and Edvard Munch or Egon Schiele’s works were the first two expressionism movements to emerge in Germany. The artists of the Die Brücke group were greatly influenced by Van Gogh’s painting which was very expressive. Munch was also strongly influenced by Expressionism after his art exhibition (held in Berlin).

Modern art is an artistic movement which emerged in the late 19th and 20th century. It refers to the new approach where it is no longer a necessity to portray subjects realistically as photography has resolved it. Here artists started experimenting with new approaches and techniques towards nature, materials, and other representations of nature with fresh ideas often moving towards abstraction.

Modern art began as a western movement particularly in painting and then extending towards print making, sculpture and architecture. Various other art movements emerged under the influence of modern art namely impressionism in the late 19th century and expressionism in 20th century.

Listing on the art movements which emerged under the influence of modern art are
1. Impressionism, post impressionism and fauvism.
2. Cubism
3. Expressionism
4. Futurism
5. Abstract painting
6. Suprematism
7. Constructivism
8. Dadaism
9. Surrealism

In the late 1950 there was emergence of art movements combining the above forms; abstract expressionism, Pop art, Op art and Minimal art; in the late 1960s and the 1970s, Land art, Performance art, Conceptual art and Photorealism emerged. Around this period a number of artists started rejecting modern art and began with post modern art or contemporary art.

Paintings have been in existence from prehistoric period where as Oil paintings became famous only in the 15th century and Jan Van Eyck is often credited as the inventor of oil paintings. Many European artists of the 15th century produced great oil paintings on Wood panels. Oil Paintings usage grew with the 16th century along with which artists were in search of water durable medium.

Oil paintings were done on surfaces using a pigment prepared by grounding seeds. Linseed was the most commonly used pigment in early modern Europe. Other Oils usually include poppyseed oil, walnut oil and Safflower oil. These oils having different properties such as less yellowing, different drying period, etc were used to produce oil paintings as per the requirements of it. But these oil paintings usually take weeks to dry.

In order to fasten the drying process of Oil paintings artists all over the world have tried with usage of various thin layers but Jan van Eyck was the first painter who developed a stable varnish using siccative oil (where linseed is the base binding material binding all mineral pigments). Jan Van Eyck was not the first artist to use or invent oil painting but his real achievement was the development of stable varnish which brought him the fame and credit as the inventor of oil paintings. After Van Eyck lots of artists like Antonello da Messina, Leonardo da Vinci , Tintoreto etc… worked on this and increased the siccative property of oil paintings. Now with the growth of chemistry the oil paints available are super quick in drying and water durable than one can clean the paintings using water.

Oil painting techniques

Oil paintings can be painted on different surfaces such as linoleum, linen, canvas, wooden panel, and cardboard. Among these canvas is the most commonly used surface which is nothing but a cotton fabric having thick fibers stretched over a wooden board and is painted.

Oil painting is the combination of elements such as the pigment (the powder), medium (oil) and the drier (varnish). Oil paintings hence can be mixed to required consistency. It can be mixed as thick as clay or as thin as gossamer. Preparation of oil paint is as very simple as the ingredients are obtainable and that it can be prepared in large quantity that to at a very minimal price.

An easy faster way of preparing oil paint immediately with the materials available at your kitchen is get some powered saffron or turmeric or cocoa powder or pepper powder(red, black, or white) or even any food color as per the color you require and mix it up with little oil available such as sunflower or walnut or safflower oil and there you get a genuine oil paint. You can also use other simple ingredients to prepare your oil paints such as the black shoe polish, your sunscreen lotion etc. If the preparation is too thick you could use a little turpentine such as the petrol or kerosene which also helps in drying faster.

After choosing you painting surface and oil paint choosing a good painting brush is very important. There are various brushes available in the market made from variety of fibers and are available at different sizes as the effect it gives varies with fiber and the size. Traditional oil painters brush are longer, stiffer, and firmer than the painting brushes used for water colors hence at first go for a long and firm brush, test and choose an appropriate brush suiting you requirements and comfortability.

Pull the Canvas across a wooden panel and staple tightly. Mix up the oil paint with proper consistency and keep it aside. Draw an outline of the image in a paper and try to transfer it to the canvas. Imprimatura is the first painting layer where the whole canvas is covered with liquid ochre which is very light and ivory black (something which appears to olive glue). We move from darker shading of paintings to lighter and reach the dead layer from where we should concentrate on the lighting effects of the painting, then from there to the body of the image. After working on the body of the image should go for concentrating on the texture of the paintings. Finishing on the final color, shape and texture we obtain a beautiful painting done by us.

Things to concentrate on while painting is ensure that the canvas is stretched over the wooden frame neatly with out any folding or with any sort of disturbance in between. Staple the canvas tightly over the wooden frame. Let your painting to dry after completion of each layer. Wipe the canvas with a soft cloth when you start painting the next layer. Above all the painter should completely concentrate in his painting and the object being painted.

Paul Cezanne a French artist of the late 19th century is a post impressionism painter whose works laid the foundation in the transition of artistic conception of 19th century towards 20th century to a whole new and radically different world of art. Cezanne laid the bride between the 19th century artistic form - impressionism to the early 20th century’s whole new line of artistic form called cubism.

Paul Cezanne’s artworks demonstrate an intense study of his subjects, repetitive searching gaze and a strong doggling struggle towards the complexity of human visual perceptions. His artworks were clearly composed with the mastery of color, design and draftsmanship. Cezanne brushstrokes were highly characteristic and recognizable attained through his style of repetitive, tentative, sensitive, and exploratory brushstrokes to form complex fields in order to obtain a direct expression of the sensations of the observing eye and abstraction of observed nature.

Paul Cezanne early artworks were mostly landscape paintings. Later he started producing oil paintings as per his interest and observation. Gradually he developed the light airy painting that influenced the impressionists enormously. Cezanne’s geometric essentialisation of forms (by representing the seen world by the most accurate method that he could ever present) lead to his later discovery of cubism. The key to this is the depth and concentration he applied in recording the worldly objects in canvas with perfection. It is obvious that to attain such perfection he had struggled with himself in a long run. He started seeing the same object in two views at the same time. This led him to paint in a varying outline showing at once the view of the left eye and the right. Cubism took this step futher.

Picasso, Braque and Gris further experimented on the factors of cubism not stopping with two views of the object but with multiple views of the same object. Both Matisse and Picasso stated that Cézanne “is the father of us all” and that cannot be easily refused.

Paul Cezanne famous oil paintings were Flowers in a Blue Vase, A Lunch on Grass, Houses on the Roadside and many more…

Paul Gauguin one of the leading French post impressionism painter experimented so much with color and coloring that it lead to the synthetist style of modern art. Like his friend Vincent van Gogh he attempted suicide at one point of time when he experienced bouts of depression from lack of recognition in home and carrier.

Gauguin was disappointed with impressionism as he felt that it was too imitative and lacked in depth. He adopted a bolder style to impressionism which he called synthetic symbolism. In this style he used bright, pure and brilliant colors with an ornamental character of composition and deliberate flatness of planes.

Gauguin’s most expressive works include Vision after the Sermon; Jacob Wrestling with the Angel, Breton Girls Dancing, Pont-Aven and The yellow christ. His famous artworks or master pieces representing post impressionism were “Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?” and “The Gold of their bodies”.

Vincent Van Gogh a famous Dutch painter of 19th century is considered to be the greatest painter in the history of European art under the category of post-impressionist.
He was popularly known for the tortured myth embodying him as for his painting also clearly visualizes such factors existing in his life. His paintings were usually distorted, bold with visible dots and dashes.

Vincent van Gogh produced most of his art works during the ten year period before he committed suicide. He had produced almost 1100 paintings in this ten year period. Out of which his best known paintings were produced in the last two years of his life. He suicided in clumsiness for not attaining recognition for his art works.

After Van Gogh’s death his fame grew steadily and large exhibitions were organized in capital cities and states such as Paris, Amsterdam, New york, Berlin etc… The younger generation artists were greatly influenced by his work and even the English painter Francis Bacon reproduced several paintings of vangogh namely the “The Painter on his Way to Work” which was destroyed in World War II. His famous artworks include Bedroom in Arles, Cafe Terrace at Night, The Red Vineyard, The Starry Night etc…

Realism is the art of depicting subjects as they appear in reality. It involves in portraying day to day characters, situations, events and dilemmas. Realists depended on scientific facts, the nature and life around them rather than depicting idealistic forms of romanticism.� Hence realists discard the theatrical drama, and classical forms of art to portray the real world subjects.

In the other half of 19th century realism, impressionism and post impressionism came in to existence.� The most renowned artist of realism was courbet.� Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin and Paul Cezanne are great impressionism and post impressionism painters of 19th century who lead to the modern era.

Post impressionism came in to existence in the late 19th and early 20th century after impressionism. It can be mentioned as the extension of impressionism without the limitations existing in impressionism.

Post-impressionists used distinctive brushstrokes, thick application of paint, vivid colors, and real-life subject matter emphasizing more on geometric shapes and figures. The post impressionists were dissatisfied with the triviality of subject matter and the loss of structure existing in impressionist paintings hence formed this new style of post impressionism.